Poly(4-aminodiphenylamine) (P(4-ADPA)) is a kind of polyaniline derivative and is promising as one of the alternatives to polyaniline because its monomer has a lower oxidation standard potential for the oxidation and faster oxidation rate than that of aniline monomer. Herein, to explore the effect factors of structural and electrochemical properties of novel conducting P(4-ADPA) materials, a series of P(4-ADPA) has been prepared by using different organic or inorganic proton acids as dopants and cationic surfactant as structure-directing agent. The result shows that the shape and stability of the self-assembled surfactant lamellar micelles is strongly affected by the species and the counter-ions size of proton acids, which in turn affects the morphology, crystallinity and the electrochemical properties of P(4-ADPA). Specifically, the P(4-ADPA)-L with lactic acid as dopant under a mild polymerization environment possesses uniform intertwined nanosheets morphology and shows the superior electrochemical properties with high specific capacitance of 388 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and superlong cycle stability. In addition, P(4-ADPA)-S and P(4-ADPA)-P with sulfuric acid and perchloric acid as dopants, respectively, exhibit high conductivity and specific capacitance, which due to their high acidity of reaction solutions, large size of counter-ions and thereby good crystallinity.